Green Card 101: Types, Timelines, and What to Expect

Baking AI
Sep 24
3 min read

A comprehensive guide to U.S. green cards including types, application process, timelines, and what to expect. September 24, 2025 • 6 min read

A U.S. green card gives you lawful permanent residency. It allows you to live, work, and study in the country without needing a separate visa. Many people use this as the first step toward citizenship. Here's what you need to know. Overview The green card application process has become more streamlined with digital systems, but it still requires careful preparation and patience. Understanding the different types and timelines can help you choose the best path for your situation. Who Needs a Visitor Visa

Family members of U.S. citizens or permanent residents
Skilled workers and professionals seeking employment-based immigration
Investors making substantial investments in U.S. businesses
Refugees, asylees, and victims of crime or trafficking
Diversity visa lottery winners from eligible countries

Citizens of Visa Waiver Program countries may not need this visa for short visits. Who Can Apply

Family members of U.S. citizens or permanent residents
Skilled workers and professionals seeking employment-based immigration
Investors making substantial investments in U.S. businesses
Refugees, asylees, and victims of crime or trafficking
Diversity visa lottery winners from eligible countries

Types of Green Cards

Family-based Green Cards

For immediate relatives of U.S. citizens
Certain family preference categories
Spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens have priority

Employment-based Green Cards

For skilled workers, professionals, investors
Special immigrants including religious workers
Requires labor certification in most cases

Diversity Lottery

For applicants from countries with low immigration rates to the U.S.
Annual lottery system with limited spots
Strict eligibility requirements

Humanitarian Programs

For refugees, asylees, victims of crime or trafficking
Special protections for vulnerable populations
Different application processes and timelines

Application Process

The process depends on your category. Most cases involve:

Approved Petition

Form I-130 for family-based cases
Form I-140 for employment-based cases
Petition must be approved before proceeding

Check Visa Availability

Monitor annual visa bulletin
Wait times vary by category and country
Priority date determines when you can apply

File Form I-485

Adjustment of status if inside the U.S.
Consular processing if outside the U.S.
Biometrics appointment required

Interview Process

Interview with USCIS or at consulate
Final decision and green card issuance
Background checks and medical exam

Typical Timelines

Family-based Immediate Relatives

About 12-18 months on average

Family Preference Categories

Can take years due to annual visa backlogs

Employment-based

Usually 1-3 years depending on demand and priority date

Diversity Visa Lottery

About 1 year after selection (if processed on time)

Costs

Filing fees for Form I-485 currently over $1,000 per applicant
Medical exam costs vary by provider
Legal fees if you hire an attorney
Waivers may be available in certain hardship cases

Rights After Getting a Green Card

Live and work permanently in the U.S.
Sponsor certain family members for green cards
Travel in and out of the country more easily (though trips over 6 months can raise questions)
Apply for U.S. citizenship after 3-5 years depending on category

What to Expect

Expect long timelines and detailed paperwork
Expect background checks and in-person interviews
Expect the need to maintain eligibility even after filing
Expect patience. The system moves slowly and backlogs are common

Common Questions

Can I work while waiting?

Only if you receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) during the process.

Can I travel while waiting?

You need Advance Parole if your I-485 is pending. Leaving without it may cancel your application.

What if my petition is denied?

You may be able to appeal or refile, depending on the reason.

Do green cards expire?

Yes, most are valid for 10 years and must be renewed. Conditional 2-year cards require filing to remove conditions.

What to expect during the process?

Expect long timelines, detailed paperwork, background checks, in-person interviews, and the need to maintain eligibility throughout.

Need Expert Help?

Tejas G. Patel, Esq. founded T.P.L. Global with a simple belief that immigration clients deserve both sharp legal strategy and genuine care. Known for his tenacity, creative problem-solving, and clear communication, Tejas has helped individuals and families navigate complex immigration challenges with confidence.